Radiation treatment transforms breast cancer cells into cancer stem cells

Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Breast cancer stem cells are thought to be the sole source of tumor recurrence and are known to be resistant to radiation therapy and don't respond well to chemotherapy.

Now, researchers with the UCLA Department of Radiation Oncology at UCLA's Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center report for the first time that radiation treatment ?despite killing half of all tumor cells during every treatment - transforms other cancer cells into treatment-resistant breast cancer stem cells.

The generation of these breast cancer stem cells counteracts the otherwise highly efficient radiation treatment. If scientists can uncover the mechanisms and prevent this transformation from occurring, radiation treatment for breast cancer could become even more effective, said study senior author Dr. Frank Pajonk, an associate professor of radiation oncology and Jonsson Cancer Center researcher.

"We found that these induced breast cancer stem cells (iBCSC) were generated by radiation-induced activation of the same cellular pathways used to reprogram normal cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) in regenerative medicine," said Pajonk, who also is a scientist with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine at UCLA. "It was remarkable that these breast cancers used the same reprogramming pathways to fight back against the radiation treatment."

The study appears February 13, 2012 in the early online edition of the peer-reviewed journal Stem Cells.

"Controlling the radiation resistance of breast cancer stem cells and the generation of new iBCSC during radiation treatment may ultimately improve curability and may allow for de-escalation of the total radiation doses currently given to breast cancer patients, thereby reducing acute and long-term adverse effects," the study states.

There are very few breast cancer stem cells in a larger pool of breast cancer cells. In this study, Pajonk and his team eliminated the smaller pool of breast cancer stem cells and then irradiated the remaining breast cancer cells and placed them into mice.

Using a unique imaging system Pajonk and his team developed to visualize cancer stem cells, the researchers were able to observe their initial generation into iBCSC in response to the radiation treatment. The newly generated iBCSC were remarkably similar to breast cancer stem cells found in tumors that had not been irradiated, Pajonk said.

The team also found that the iBCSC had a more than 30-fold increased ability to form tumors compared to the non-irradiated breast cancer cells from which they originated.

Pajonk said that the study unites the competing models of clonal evolution and the hierarchical organization of breast cancers, as it suggests that undisturbed, growing tumors maintain a small number of cancer stem cells. However, if challenged by various stressors that threaten their numbers, including ionizing radiation, the breast cancer cells generate iBCSC that may, together with the surviving cancer stem cells, repopulate the tumor.

"What is really exciting about this study is that it gives us a much more complex understanding of the interaction of radiation with cancer cells that goes far beyond DNA damage and cell killing," Pajonk said. "The study may carry enormous potential to make radiation even better."

Pajonk stressed that breast cancer patients should not be alarmed by the study findings and should continue to undergo radiation if recommended by their oncologists.

"Radiation is an extremely powerful tool in the fight against breast cancer," he said. "If we can uncover the mechanism driving this transformation, we may be able to stop it and make the therapy even more powerful."

###

University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences: http://www.uclahealth.org/

Thanks to University of California - Los Angeles Health Sciences for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/117575/Radiation_treatment_transforms_breast_cancer_cells_into_cancer_stem_cells

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A Quick Guide to Insurance For Your Exotic Pet | Exotic Pets

The definition of an exotic pet varies from insurer to insurer. But as a general rule, it will often refer to any animal except a cat or a dog or a horse (which is normally covered by insurance-specific equine) requires. Some other common animals like hamsters or goldfish will not be classified as exotic pets, but it?s very rare that the owner would consider appropriate to ensure these animals.

What makes an exotic pet insurance differently?

There are several reasons why prospective payments, and therefore the costs can be higher with exotic animals. These include the following:

In high-quality animals such as birds or reptiles are rarely stolen potentially more at risk. If you have a policy that paid for the replacement of the animal, the payment will be higher in these cases.
It is also likely that you will be able to take out insurance against a pet die to get high value and the payment for the replacement cost. It is generally difficult to find this type of coverage for a dog or a cat, because there is a much wider between the financial cost of replacing such a pet and sentimental value of the owner places on their death.
Less common animals require more specialized care for vets who can be more expensive. Rarest animals often require special care by the owners and some insurers, the risk that you do not have the knowledge to look at offering this service.
The liability for your animal injuries or property of another person may vary. Obviously, a dog is probably more of a human to attack another animal, but can cause more damage when they do, for example, whether they are carriers of the rare diseases.

How are they like?

Some questions remain the same for all types of insurance cover pets. A more important is the duration of the policy. The fact that some policies only cover up to a certain financial limit of each year, regardless of the claims. While others restrict the claims to a state at a given time than one year, which means that you never paid for one year after diagnosis, even for a long disease like diabetes. The fact that some policies allow the insurer to make a decision on the annual renewal or terminate the contract, while others that you can renew every year, but an upper limit of the age have animal.

Is it advisable to use an exotic pet insurance?

There are certainly good reasons to consider a specialized firm. You may be able to offer better premiums because they have a better understanding of the risks and potential gains from a wide range of exotic pets. A specialist can also have a better understanding of the claims process and may even be able to help find a vet who is uniquely qualified for your pet. However, these benefits should not be put off by the review of the general insurer to see if you can get the best value for money.

Source: http://www.dailazoo.net/a-quick-guide-to-insurance-for-your-exotic-pet

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Quality Appliance Repair, Number One Provider of Appliance ...

Quality Appliance Repair widens its coverage to include San Diego, California. With over a hundred locations spread throughout the country

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San Diego, California -- February 13, 2012 -- Quality Appliance Repair widens its coverage to include San Diego, California. With over a hundred locations spread throughout the country, the company is expanding its geographical area of coverage to provide quality services to the people in San Diego, California by opening a new location in the Greater San Diego area. This new location will allow Quality appliance repair san diego to better serve its clients by providing them with an alternative location, closer to their home or alternative location.

Quality Appliance Repair is a household repair services provider that specializes in same day and in-home repair. The opening of the additional Quality Appliance Repair location is in line with the company's commitment to bring quality appliance repairs nearer to client's homes. The Quality appliance repair san diego staff is composed of professionals who have received the necessary training in the maintenance and repair of household appliances and are experienced at the trade.

The Quality Appliance Repair staff can repair all brands and models of appliances. They specialize in all makes, model, and various types of appliances such as ovens, stove and range problems with poor temperature control, as well as broken bake elements and control board malfunctions. In addition to servicing most major home appliances, they also repair commercial restaurant equipment. Their website has a list of all the locations where they can be contacted for service requests or questions. It also includes suggested maintenance and expert suggestions on how to help appliances last longer. Quality appliance repair san diego services are available seven days a week. The additional location will allow the Quality Appliance Repair staff to continue with their commitment to providing quality appliance repair to the Greater San Diego area and being one of the most conveniently located appliance repair locations.

For more information about Appliance Repair Service, their locations or to schedule an appointment, visit the website at: http://www.qualityappliancerepairs.com/appliance-repair-san-diego

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Obama rolls out budget, honors leading artists (AP)

WASHINGTON ? President Barack Obama is sending Congress his proposed budget for the new fiscal year and traveling to a community college outside the capital to promote the plan.

It amounts to a quick start for the president this week, although top advisers previewed his fiscal 2013 budget in a series of appearances over the weekend.

Obama's budget rollout comes almost three weeks after his State of the Union address to Congress. He will travel to Northern Virginia Community College in Annandale, Va., to discuss the plan.

In the afternoon, Obama presides over the National Medal of Arts and National Humanities Medal ceremonies at the White House. Actor Al Pacino and country singer Mel Tillis are among those to be honored.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/obama/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120213/ap_on_go_pr_wh/us_obama_preview

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How Does Forex trading Work? - Personal Finance Info

If you?ve ever been to a different country, you must know with the expression currency trading. As an example if you?re from the United States and have ever visited a country of the European Union (for example Great Britain), you must have had to turn your US Dollars into Euros.That?s because special countries use different currencies, and you can?t pay with your own country?s currency all over the world.To give another easy to understand example, if you go to Japan you need to exchange your country?s currency for yens, because that is the certified currency in Japan.

Forex is all about these exchanges. Forex basically stands for trading currencies against another type of currency. Just like in the above case, you can sell USD and get any other currency such as Euro, AUD, Canadian Dollar, Indian rupees, etc.In its name, For stands for foreign, while ex stands for exchange: For(eign)ex(change).That?s the reason it?s called foreign exchange.

How does trading currencies work?

Tough at first sight the idea of trading special countries? currencies against each other may seem strange, it makes perfect sense.Let?s study an made-upexample.

It?s likely that in the beginning of the year one thousand Australian dollars are worth one thousand and a hundred American dollars, but by the end of the year the same amount of Australian dollars are worth one thousand and two hundred American dollars. That would denote that if someone bought one thousand AUD in the beginning of 2011, he or she could trade it for one thousand and two hundred USD at the end of the year, making himself or herself a $100 profit.That?s how it?s feasible to make money with Forex. Martin has been providing inspiration and training leaders and individuals for several years on the matters of Futures Day Trading and Trading Psychology.

Where does Forex trading in realty happen?

Obviously, if prospects want to trade anything, they need to have a market for that. In the extreme case of Forex trading, the market is provided in a outstanding way.An exciting thing about this of Forex trading is that there isn?t a central place where foreign exchanges are traded. All deals are conducted by electronic means via personal computer networks, between traders who can be coming from anywhere in the Earth. The method?s name is over-the-counter (regularly abbreviated as OTC) which, in this instance, means that all currencies are changed through a broad dealer network.

With 4 trillion USD being pumped in every day, the Forex market is literally the largest monetary market in the world. Even the popular New York Stock Exchange is almost nothing compared to this huge figure.

The global Forex market is open literally 24 hours a day, five and a half days every week.

What settles whether Currency A or Currency B is stronger? An almost never ending number of aspects are taken into consideration when they determine the price of a existing currency. The rate is mainly calculated by comparing supply and demand numbers, economic power, political situations with future predictions and assumptions of one country?s currency against another one. The most popular currencies in the Forex market include US Dollar, yen, Euro, AUD, British Pound and finally the Swiss Franc. As incredible as it sounds, more than 85% of all exchanges are a combination of these money types.

Another exciting fact about FX trading is that you don?t really have to be an expert in order to have some success at it. Of course some education can be functional, it isn?t required, thanks to some software that have been invented to help out the regular traders. Some programs don?t even require a human to be present; they perform the exchanges automatically.

When someone gains in the FX market, it?s logical that another one loses at the same time. If two people bet against each other (they speculate on different currencies) they cannot gain both at the same time, one of them has to have a negative balance.

And that?s the explanation why trading Forex is not an idyllic way of earning for the average Joe. Earning is never guaranteed when trading the stock market and it?s not any different in the case of Forex. If you also have a family to take care of, it?s even more important to diversify your income streams. This shouldn?t discourage you from giving it a try however, if you don?t cross the basic safety protocols.

To recap the above mentioned ideas, you can play with the Forex market all you want, as long as that doesn?t put in danger you or your family.

Source: http://personal-finance-info.org/blog/finance/how-does-forex-trading-work/

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Tasty Tuesdays - Bermuda Blog

Hey guys, whats going on? First post in a while so here's something that you can try. Have you ever seen those recipes on the backs of condiments or other foods like chicken? If you answer no then you probably have never bought a bottle of?ketchup or mustard. If you have seen them but never been inclined to try and make one, you're like me, until yesterday. Eating dinner yesterday night, I was reading the back of a ketchup bottle and it had the recipe for 'Pizza Dogs'. It sounded actually quite nice, but I didn't like what they put into it, like processed cheese along with quite a bit of ketchup (because, of coarse, it was on a bottle of ketchup). So after a little searching, I found this recipe at?Betty Crocker, that was much better. So here it is:

Ingredients:

• 8 hot dogs
• 1/2 cup pizza sauce. You can make your own with tomato sauce by boiling the sauce until it has sufficiently reduced to the consistency you like.?
• 8 hot dog buns,?split in half. (Or one tube of?crescent?rolls, containing 8 rolls if your really fancy.)
• 4 ounces of block?mozzarella cheese.?
• ?4 medium green onions, diced into cubes. Should make around a 1/4 of a cup.?

Preparation:

• If you haven't already, dice your green onions now and split your hot dog buns.
• Shred all of your cheese and keep in a bowl on the side
• You can cook your dogs any way you want, I personally prefer to cook on a grill outside, but you can use your oven or boil them. If your grilling, turn your grill on and close lid to preheat, preheat your oven to around 350F - 400F or get a medium pot and fill with water and place on stove top on high until water boils.?
• Put pizza sauce into a pot and put on medium heat, to keep it warm for later.

Cooking:

• Cook your hot dogs, any way that you decide to cook them, you will know they are done when the ends start to split (10 minutes approx.) If you use a grill or oven, make sure you constantly turn them, to avoid sticking and burning.?
• If you decide to use?crescent?rolls, you can ONLY use your oven so the rolls rise. About 13 minutes cooking at 400F
• When cooked to liking, take off the heat and put dogs into buns.
• Top with pizza sauce, followed by cheese then onions.
• At this point, anything can be put onto the hot dogs.?Personally, I prefer green olives, cut in half, or pieces of bacon. Anything.?
• For?crescent?rolls, just top them with the sauce and toppings, use a knife and fork for this. Not finger food. Unless you don't mind getting everything dirty.?

Prep time: 10 minutes

Cook time:?20 minutes (approx.)

Total time: 30 minutes

If you liked this don't forget to leave a comment below, email me at casianbda@gmail.com or follow me on twitter @BermudaBlog. Recipe and picture taken from?http://www.bettycrocker.com/.

Source: http://casiansblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/tasty-tuesdays-pizza-hot-dogs.html

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Free Legal Question: Real Estate Law | California | I plan to transfer ...

I agree with both previous answers that this is almost certainly a bad idea, especially given that you're wondering if you could get the property back into your own ownership before your son turns 18.

Minors can own real estate, but when they do, it is almost always acquired by inheritance. Minors cannot sell real estate, or manage it. You'd have to get a court order to re-acquire the property before your son was 18 (or became emancipated), and the court would probably require you to pay him fair market value.

Often, people consider "temporarily" placing property in the hands of a relative in order to shield the property from a creditor's lien. This is fraudulent. See the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in the Civil Code, sections 3439-3439.12. Creditors can find out about such transactions from the public record and have them nullified.

Also, making a gift of real property has bad income-tax consequences for the family as a whole.

Source: http://www.lawguru.com/legal-questions/-/plan-transfer-free-clear-real-446874165/

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